Гипертиреоз – Hypertheriosis

Sibling rivalry is a common concern for parents. Children spend as much time, if not more, with siblings as with parents, and it is inevitable that some conflict will arise from time to time.

Sibling rivalry may be worsened by family stresses and tension , or by changes in the family such as separation or moving house. Sometimes conflict between siblings may be worse when one sibling has a chronic medical condition or a disability or learning problem, which necessitates additional parental attention.

The best way for parents to manage sibling rivalry and conflict is generally to keep out of it. Some rivalry is inevitable, and not necessarily a bad thing. The situation is often made worse by parents buying into the argument. Most of the time it is best left to the children to sort things out themselves. Parents should rather establish clear guidelines and set limits on what is acceptable behaviour, and handle it in the way they would handle any aggressive or inappropriate behaviour.

Parents can minimise sibling rivalry by addressing the following issues:

• inform other children of the imminent arrival of a new baby;

• involve other children in helping to care for the new arrival, strongly praising appropriate behaviour, and attempting to ignore behaviour that is inappropriate;

• try to set aside time for each child each day (‘special time’);

• demonstrate to each child the very special individual attributes they alone have; encourage individual activities and interests; allow them to have different activities, appropriate to their ages, such as different bedtimes.

*179\90\8*

As well, plaques of atheroma collect and may ulcerate through the lining, leaving a raw surface. Platelets from the blood may be deposited on these raw surfaces to form a clot.

There are many factors which can lead to the formation of atheroma. These are:

Heredity — a history of heart attacks at an early age in parents or grandparents

High levels of blood fats (lipids) — cholesterol and triglycerides

High blood pressure

Obesity

Cigarette smoking — this increases the risk four to six times

Nervous tension

Lack of physical exercise

Most of these factors are reversible and there is no doubt that high fat levels are a cause. What is debated is whether you can do anything about changing the level of fat in the blood.

A diet high in animal fat tends to increase the amount of cholesterol and a high intake of refined carbohydrate increases the level of triglyceride. Changing the diet may reduce this factor and so reduce the risk.

*406/71/1*

A threatened miscarriage is where there is bleeding from the vagina during the course of pregnancy. This may settle down and the pregnancy proceed to term. But if the cervix dilates and the membranes rupture, then the term used is inevitable abortion.

Incomplete abortion means that some placental tissue has been retained within the uterus or womb.

This miscarriage is usually associated with bleeding which may be heavy, and pain, backache or lower abdominal cramp, just like a mini-labor.

Very few miscarriages are complete — that is, all the products of conception completely discharged.

Most doctors would consider that all cases of miscarriage require the operation of D and Ñ — dilatation and curettage — to remove the products of conception.

If the womb is not completely emptied, then the retained placental tissue may cause infection or, later on, heavy or irregular periods.

A missed abortion is where death of the foetus has occurred. The symptoms of pregnancy disappear, but there may be no bleeding.

*152/71/1*

The kidneys and bladder and its intricate system of tubes (many of them microscopic) form a very valuable filtering system for the body.

During its journey around the body, all blood regularly pays a visit to the kidneys. There it is filtered in a rapid and wondrous manner through the renal network. Impurities the body wishes to eliminate are rapidly shed. If the blood is overloaded with certain products it has no use for, these are also tossed out by the kidneys. The balance of chemicals, hormones and minerals needed by the body is kept normal by the balancing-out capacity of the kidneys.

Chemicals are filtered out in a fluid form, and collected in the central part of the kidneys. From there they are channelled by tubes, called ureters, which lead to the bladder. There the fluid is stored until a convenient time, when it is voided by another single tube called the urethra.

There is an important outlet valve at the lower end of the bladder. It takes babies many months before they have complete control over this valve. But eventually each one succeeds and is then capable of passing urine at a suitable time and place.

Some children do not gain this control for some years, and continue to pass their urine at night. Bed-wetting is an embarrassing problem, but in most cases it overcomes itself and it is uncommon after the age of 12 years. But it sometimes persists into the late teens or twenties, when it may become a social embarrassment. Treatment today is usually successful.

The kidney is probably the most common organ of the body to suffer from congenital malformations, though these are fortunately not frequent. Sometimes cysts, occasionally many in number, may damage the kidney structure. In other cases structural abnormalities may occur. Some of these are apparent from an early age and will be automatically cared for by doctors soon after birth.

Infections of the bladder and lower tracts of the urinary system are common. These usually respond well to prompt treatment.

More seriously, the kidneys may be affected by an infection that takes place in some other part of the body. This is believed to be an allergic type of reaction and it may produce serious symptoms.

*81\87\2*

Considering the complexities of the life of a child, it is often amazing they do not lose their tempers more often! They are not born with self-control. They have to learn it. Temper is due to anger, plus a sense of insecurity, plus helplessness. Many children can cope extremely well, but others seem involved in ongoing outbursts most of their lives.

Often the child’s tantrums are a direct reflection of upbringing. In families with a high level of emotional disturbance, where fighting and personality clashes are the rule, the child is more likely to reflect this by being involved in rages far more often. A child who normally lives in a calm, relatively serene atmosphere will lend to reflect this and be much less likely to be involved in temper tantrums, breath-holding bouts, sulky periods and similar emotional states.

Treatment

Children are usually the product of their environment and upbringing. A serene home life will invariably produce a child with a calm mental outlook and a tendency to fly into rages far less often than one who lives in a family ridden with mental stress and turmoil.

Children live by example. If parents only realized this, it would greatly ease the burden of treatment. Yelling, screaming and shouting, hurling abuse and chastizing verbally or physically will seldom do much good for frayed tempers. Indeed, it will tend to worsen the situation. Bribery will be equally disastrous, for the child may soon learn the pecuniary value of temper tantrums, and lack of self-control will be inevitable.

Self-control by parents is the best example. Adults are able to do this, and in so doing they will inevitably benefit their children and their children’s attitudes. Being neither overindulgent nor over-strict is also good admonition.

*32\87\2*